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发布时间 2017-6-16 01:58
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SCS博文 2017/06/15 （听起来）很靠谱
Simulation of suspension and weight distribution
悬挂及载重分布之模拟
For well over a year, our programmers and testers have been spending a huge amount of time and effort with the goal of bringing more interesting cargo and trailer combinations into our games, adding proper support for one of the most requested features: doubles, heavy cargo, advanced and multi-joint trailers.
在过去的一年多里，我们的程序员们把大量时间和精力花在了给游戏添加更精良的货物和挂车上，并且已经为双挂车、大件货物和多点连接等人民刚需发展了充足的技术储备。
You may wonder why this feature, in particular, should be so difficult and demanding to pull off. After all, we had reasonably working road trains in one of our earlier sims in the 18 Wheels of Steel series games. But the fidelity and accompanying complexity of our physics simulation has increased by an order of magnitude since then. Making sure all things are in balance and in sync is getting more complex as well. Efficient physics of the trailer where many wheels are touching the road is proving to be a tough task; we had to iterate a lot, especially with cargo weight distribution and accompanied suspension loads.
各位可能有點奇怪：这些东西有什么难搞的呢？只须把18轮时代的公路列车升级一下不就行了吗？别急。最先进的物理系统在准确度上比过去的高出一個数量级，而复杂程度也因此提高了不少：僅僅是保持挂车平衡和维繫各部分不散架就难了许多，而给有更多輪子的挂车建立又快又好的物理结構也是道阻且長——返工是家常便饭，对于货物重量分布和相應的悬挂设定尤為如此。
Over its lifetime, a trailer will carry thousands and thousands of tons of cargo, ideally while operating with as little maintenance as possible. To withstand the harsh demands, and to deliver the load to its destination safely, it is crucial to observe the weight of the cargo. If you overload a trailer, or if you do not balance the weight right, it may cause damage to the trailer, its suspension or wheels, it may damage the road, and most importantly, it will make it unsafe to operate. With the never-ceasing demand to transport more and heavier cargo, the transportation industry has adopted new solutions to overcome the technical and legal limitations, in most cases centering around adding more length and axles to the tractor and semi-trailer .
從投入运输到退役报废，一辆挂车运载成千上萬吨货物。為了使利润和效率最大化，它最好在路上花更長时间，并尽可能少地躺在修理廠里。要保证挂车能承受载荷的考验并安全地运行，货品重量是一定要算清楚的。如果超载或重量分布不匀，轻则损耗悬挂、车胎及路面，重则车毁人亡。在消费需求日益增长的今天，运输行业已经发展出了一套对付技术和法规限制的经验，而其中重要的一点就是——
世界上没有什么问题是加十個輪子不能解决的。如果有，那就加二十個。
并且顺其自然地把挂车拉长。
It is not just about the number of axles though, it is about where they are and how trailer as a whole behaves while under load. There are considerable differences between North America and Europe.
玩笑歸玩笑，輪子不是萬能的。比数量更重要的是它们的位置及挂车负重时的整体性能。
In Europe, the legislative push is to limit the overall length of the truck and trailer combo, while making sure the total weight is distributed such that no wheel is pressing on the road surface too hard. Ultimately, this has lead to adding axles to the rear of the tractor as well as adding them generously under the relatively limited-length trailer. As engineers realized that putting more wheels next to each other causes problems with tyre scrub (due to high lateral friction, a paper about the topic here, chapter 2.1.3), a creative solution was adopted, making the wheels follow the turn or even steerable.
欧洲的立法方向是限制整车長度并保证每个輪轴都分到不太重的负荷，從而均衡路面的压强。这个方案的实际操作就是往有限的挂车长度内无限地增加轮轴。与此同时，由于转向时轮胎作侧向滑动，阻力变大了。于是设计师们就想出在挂车輪轴上别出心裁，使挂车也能转向。
On the other hand, in the USA, the regulation is a bit more flexible about total truck length. There are still tough restrictions regarding weight on each axle, but there is also legislation in place making sure that the weight is not concentrated over a short length, pushing to increase the distances between the axles. The engineers, in turn, made the trailers longer to spread the weight in such way that it will comply with Federal Bridge Formula (source). To lessen tyre wear and to make it possible to make turns in reasonable fashion, trailers with multiple pivot points were adopted.
另一方面，美国的法规不大限制整车長度，而仅在单个輪轴负重和重量分散上有所规定，所以那边应付监管的做法除了加长拖车，还有增加輪轴间距然后利用多点连接减少輪胎损耗和扩大转弯半径，以免碰倒路口的标志什么的。
The primary duty of suspension is keeping the wheel on the road. It is effectively pushing the wheel into the ground to make sure that friction caused by wheels is sufficient to either brake or to corner. It is also in place to absorb the energy of impacts from road bumps, potholes, uneven roads or unexpected shifts of weight caused by side wind. The suspension system has to be incredibly durable, [and] each axle has its own suspension system which takes care of the load on each wheel separately, working as a dynamic system absorbing energy from the environment. There are several types of suspensions used in cargo transportation, but this may deserve a future topic of its own.
悬挂的主要任务是把輪胎压在地上以便有效利用摩擦力进行刹车或转弯，同时也吸收减速带或其它路面不平带来的冲击，甚至给抵挡横风贡献一份力，因此悬挂必须特别坚实。每个轮轴都有独立的悬挂构件为它的輪子承受负荷和抵抗外来干扰。现在有多种悬挂应有在货运业之中，也许以后我们可以详细说说。
Brakes are arguably the most critical part of a vehicle. Either from standpoint of safety of others on road, or safety of the cargo, we all want them to work as intended. With multiple axles on the vehicle, each axle has to have its own brake system.
制动系统是汽车（或任何交通工具）的最关键组成部分之一。不管是为了他人的安全着想（除非你是Jordan Baker）还是想让自己的货物保持完好无损，每个司机都希望制动完美运行。多轴车辆上的每个轮轴都有它们独享的刹车系统。
By far the most complicated problem we encountered was the distribution of weight along the multiple axles and pivots of new trailers. We had to rework weight distribution algorithms in order to make it work for new trailers and to make sure that old ones wouldn't be negatively affected. Our constant battle with the numerical stability of the suspension simulation code is far from over.
目前，我们遇到过的最大挑战就是往新型多轴或多点连接挂车上均匀配重。为此我们不得不把关于配重的算法整个重写，以使新车和现有的挂车都正常分配重量。当下，我们与这些系统稳定性之战斗还远未结束。
During testing and tuning, we encountered many issues, some quite hilarious, especially when we had to (re)learn backing and reversed steering. We had a lot of fun debugging it. In general sense, it was all about making the behavior of the trailer appear to work correctly with the player's input. That proved to be the largest challenge for us, especially with steerable trailers for ETS2. We definitely enjoyed working on them immensely. In the end, our determination, grit, and dedication prevailed, and it was a very proud moment for us to share our experience and the final product of our tireless effort with all of you!
在测试调整的过程中，我们有时也会遇到一些有点搞笑的问题，尤其是给欧卡2调试大件挂车的时候，我们得（从头）慢慢摸索倒车机制，以求挂车能精确地跟着玩家的操作走。光是这一项任务就给了我们许多乐趣。最终，决心和专注总是助我们披荆斩棘，而能把劳动成果拿出来与大家分享的时候永远是我们最自豪的一刻！
相关文章：
ETS2: Heavy Cargo Pack DLC is here!
《欧卡2：大件货物包已发布》
Heavy Cargo Pack DLC for ATS is out!
《“重装”上阵：美卡大件货物包已发布》
原文在这里
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[ 本帖最後由 sgl 於 2017-9-23 21:21 編輯 ] 
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